While loop matlab7/24/2023 ![]() The compiler could be run from tape, or from a 2200-card deck it used no further tape or disk storage. For these reasons, FORTRAN is considered to be the first widely used cross-platform programming language.įORTRAN was provided for the IBM 1401 computer by an innovative 63-phase compiler that ran entirely in its core memory of only 8000 (six-bit) characters. Significantly, the increasing popularity of FORTRAN spurred competing computer manufacturers to provide FORTRAN compilers for their machines, so that by 1963 over 40 FORTRAN compilers existed. īy 1960, versions of FORTRAN were available for the IBM 709, 650, 1620, and 7090 computers. The inclusion of a complex number data type in the language made Fortran especially suited to technical applications such as electrical engineering. The language was widely adopted by scientists for writing numerically intensive programs, which encouraged compiler writers to produce compilers that could generate faster and more efficient code. I didn't like writing programs, and so, when I was working on the IBM 701, writing programs for computing missile trajectories, I started work on a programming system to make it easier to write programs." John Backus said during a 1979 interview with Think, the IBM employee magazine, "Much of my work has come from being lazy. While the community was skeptical that this new method could possibly outperform hand-coding, it reduced the number of programming statements necessary to operate a machine by a factor of 20, and quickly gained acceptance. : 75 This was the first optimizing compiler, because customers were reluctant to use a high-level programming language unless its compiler could generate code with performance approaching that of hand-coded assembly language. ![]() : 71 The first manual for FORTRAN appeared in October 1956, : 72 with the first FORTRAN compiler delivered in April 1957. The Fortran Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 (October 15, 1956), the first programmer's reference manual for Fortran Ī draft specification for The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System was completed by November 1954. It is a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers. It has been in use for over six decades in computationally intensive areas such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, geophysics, computational physics, crystallography and computational chemistry. Absoft, Cray, GFortran, G95, IBM XL Fortran, Intel, Hitachi, Lahey/Fujitsu, Numerical Algorithms Group, Open Watcom, PathScale, PGI, Silverfrost, Oracle Solaris Studio, othersĪLGOL 58, BASIC, C, Chapel, CMS-2, DOPE, Fortress, PL/I, PACT I, MUMPS, IDL, Ratforįortran ( / ˈ f ɔːr t r æ n/ formerly FORTRAN) is a general-purpose, compiled imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.įortran was originally developed by IBM in the 1950s for scientific and engineering applications, and subsequently came to dominate scientific computing.
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Oxidation number of chromium oxide7/24/2023 Unlike the classic thermite reaction involving iron oxides, the chromium oxide thermite creates few or no sparks, smoke or sound, but glows brightly. When heated with finely divided carbon or aluminium, it is reduced to chromium metal: It is also attacked by concentrated alkali to yield salts of [Cr(OH) Although insoluble in water, it reacts with acid to produce salts of hydrated chromium ions such as [Cr(H Reactions Ĭhromium(III) oxide is amphoteric. However, its use in animal science research has been diminishing with the increased use of Titanium dioxide due to the latter being consider more food safe, allowing for the public sale of animals used in research trials that use an inert digestion marker. ![]() It is used as a component of refractories due to its high melting point.įrom 1962, it has been used as an inert marker in livestock intake research. ![]() It is available in powder or wax form, and in this context it is known as "green compound". on a piece of leather, balsa, cloth or other material. It is the colorant in "chrome green" and "institutional green." Chromium(III) oxide is a precursor to the magnetic pigment chromium dioxide, by the following reaction: CrĪlong with many other oxides, it is used as a compound when polishing (also called stropping) the edges of knives, razors, surfaces of optical devices etc. Applications īecause of its considerable stability, chromia is a commonly used pigment. The reaction has a low ignition temperature of less than 200 ☌ and is frequently used in “volcano” demonstrations. The oxide is also formed by the decomposition of chromium salts such as chromium nitrate, or by the exothermic decomposition of ammonium dichromate. The conversion of chromite to chromia proceeds via Naħ, which is reduced with sulfur at high temperatures: Na It is derived from the mineral chromite, (Fe,Mg)CrĤ. The Parisians Pannetier and Binet first prepared the transparent hydrated form of Crģ in 1838 via a secret process, sold as a pigment. ![]() The mineral is named after Finnish geologist Pentti Eskola. Eskolaite is also a rare component of chondrite meteorites. 3 occurs naturally as the mineral eskolaite, which is found in chromium-rich tremolite skarns, metaquartzites, and chlorite veins. ![]() A PRNG will produce a sequence of numbers that "looks" random, even though the actual sequence of numbers will always be the same if the PRNG is started with the same seed value. The world generation process uses a PRNG (Pseudo Random Number Generator) algorithm. Non-square maps may result in crashes Bug: 2928. If you restrict the number of historical events, you can significantly speed up the process. Creating larger worlds does not necessarily mean longer world generation time - the essential factor for the gen duration is the history. Larger maps take longer to generate and may limit FPS in-game.Ĭhanging the dimensions of the world will reset the parameters, because many of them have different defaults depending on the surface area available. The size of the map to be generated can be selected with u i o p. You can force a particular name for your world using n or set it back to the default random setting using N.įor a random name, simply don't use this token. Here's the one for the title.Īs previously mentioned, the title of the parameter set doesn't affect the name of the world. The tokens used in world_gen.txt are at the bottom of each parameter description. To get the parameters used to generate a world you are already playing, press ESC then choose export images exporting any image will also create the world generation parameter file, for more information see this post. (See below for more info.) The F1 key comes in handy when editing this file while the game is still running. This is particularly useful because people will often post their parameter sets on the forum or wiki in text form. The world_gen.txt file can also be edited with a text editor. You will need to save the world gen parameters to this file, before you hit Enter to generate the world. The F1 and F6 keys will load and save all of the parameter sets to this file. Parameter sets are stored in the data/init/world_gen.txt file in the main DF directory. Using t you can change the name of the parameter set, but note that this will not affect the name of the world that is generated. You can also copy an existing set to a new one, allowing you to base a new set on an existing one. ![]() Hitting a will add a new set to the end of the list. You can select the current set that you want to work with using the up and down directional keys. The list of already-defined parameter sets is in the upper-right corner. 8.45 Minimum Number of Mid/Low/High Characteristic Squares.8.42 Allow Init Options to Show Tunnels.8.41.1 Minimum/Maximum Natural Cave Size.8.37 Do Orographic Precipitation and Rain Shadows.8.35 Minimum/Desired River Start Locations.8.31 Allow Divination, Experiments, and Necromancy types.8.29 Number of Evil Cloud / Evil Rain Types.8.28 Number of Disturbance Interaction Types.8.27 Number of Regional Interaction Types.8.10.2 Interaction between Mesh Size and Variance.8.7 Cull Unimportant Historical Figures.8.6.2 Year to Begin Checking Megabeast Percentage.8.6.1 Percentage of Megabeasts and Titans Dead for Stoppage. Hearing heartbeat in ear anemia7/24/2023 ![]() It is common for persons with pulsatile tinnitus to have some sort of procedure done in the Radiology department, looking for something that can be fixed. anemia), or tortuous blood vessels may cause pulsatile tinnitus. That increases blood flow or turbulence such as hyperthyroidism, low blood viscosity An enlarged jugular bulb on the involved side is common in persons with venous type pulsatile tinnitus. Accordingly, other possibilities for vascular tinnitus include dehiscence (missing bone) of the jugular bulb - an area in the skull which contains the jugular vein, and an aberrantly located carotid artery. Noise in those blood vessels can be conducted into the inner ear. There are some very large blood vessels - the carotid artery and the jugular vein - that are very close to the inner ear (see diagram above).In the few patients we have encountered, the sound was not a "swishing" sound. As this condition can be corrected surgically, it is one of the few "fixable" causes of pulsatile tinnitus. ![]() ![]() Inner ear disorders that increase hearing sensitivity ( such as SCD) can cause pulsatile tinnitus.A vascular tumor such as a " glomus" may fill the middle ear, or a vein similar to a varicose vein may make enough noise to be heard. Pressure in the head ( hydrocephalus), and hardening of the arteries. Rarely pulsatile tinnitus can be caused by more serious problems - aneurysms, increased.It is usually nothing serious and also untreatable. Tinnitus is usually due to a small blood vessel that is coupled by fluid to your ear drum. In pulsatile tinnitus, people hear something resembling their heartbeat in their ear. Most tinnitus is due to damage to the cochlea (#9 above) |